Theoretical Frameworks Explored
Table 2.2 is a comparison of the three theoretical frameworks explored.
Table 2.2. Ability and Mixed Models of Emotional Intelligence
| Ability Model: Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso | Mixed Model: Goleman et al. | Mixed Model: Bar-On |
|---|
| Perceiving emotions |
Self-awareness
Emotional awareness
|
Self-perception
Emotional self-awareness
Self-regard
Self-actualization
Self-expression
Emotional expression
Independence
Assertiveness
Interpersonal
Interpersonal relationships
Empathy
Social responsibility
Decision Making
Impulse control
Reality testing
Problem solving
Stress Management
Flexibility
Stress tolerance
Optimism
|
| Managing emotions |
Self-management
Emotional self-control
Positive outlook
Achievement orientation
Adaptability
|
Adaptability
Reality testing
Flexibility
Problem solving
|
| Facilitating thoughts |
Social awareness
Empathy
Organizational awareness
| Stress management
Stress tolerance
Impulse control |
| Understanding emotions | Relationship management
Influence
Coach and mentor
Conflict management
Inspirational leadership
Teamwork |
Interpersonal
Empathy
Social responsibility
Interpersonal relationship
General mood
Optimism
Happiness
|
Data are from Emotional Quotient Inventory, by R. Bar-On, 2001, copyright 2001 by Multi-Health Systems, North Tonawanda, NY; Working with Emotional Intelligence, by D. Goleman, copyright 1998 by Bantam Doubleday Dell, New York; "Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Leadership," by D. R. Caruso, J. D. Mayer, & P. Salovey, 2019, in Multiple Intelligence and Leadership, R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, and F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), pp. 55–74, copyright 2002 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, http://www.eiconsortium.org; and Leadership (9th ed.), by Hughes et al., 2019, McGraw Hill.
